Thickening and stiffness of arteries are normally restored through oral supplements of taurine. This compound, in higher concentration, reduces the risk of dying from heart-related complications, lowers the Body Mass Index (BMI), and lowers high blood pressure through the reduction of resistance of blood flow in blood vessel walls, as well as reducing nerve impulses in the brain that contribute to increased blood pressure. In a world where heart diseases and complications are on the increase, most doctors advise people to use taurine in order to reverse cardiovascular disease factors. Evidence from around the world suggests that high life expectancy is common within populations that take in more taurine, and they also have healthy and more active lifestyles. Extracted animal taurine, in some places, is a key component in the manufacture of other supplements beneficial to the body. Taurine improves glucose tolerance, increases insulin action, and as an antioxidant compound it is key for the optimum functioning of body ions such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, and potassium. This compound is arguably the most important compound in the human body. Naturally, fish and meat contain taurine. Uses and Benefits of Taurine to Human Health Just like in the first biosynthesis above, hypotaurine dehydrogenase oxidizes hypotaurine thus forming taurine. The cystathionine is then converted to hypotaurine through the action of cystathionine gamma-lyase, cysteine dioxygenase, and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase enzymes. Some taurine can be synthesized through the transsulfuration pathway where there is an interconversion of cysteine and homocysteine to form cystathionine. The enzyme cysteine dioxygenase catalyzes this process to form hypotaurine which is further oxidized by hypotaurine dehydrogenase to form taurine. The biosynthesis of taurine starts in the pancreas through the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway where cysteine mixes chemically combine with sulfinic acid and oxygen. Naturally in living organisms, taurine forms in the semi-essential proteinogenic amino acid called cysteine. Other laboratories, produce taurine by alkylation of ammonia with bromoethane sulfonate salts. Synthetic taurine is beneficial in the manufacturing of pet food, energy drinks, and pharmaceutical products. From here, the process of ammonolysis starts by reacting isethionic acid with ammonia to form taurine. First, ethylene oxide reacts with sodium bisulfite to obtain isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid). There are many laboratories all over the world that produce synthetic taurine through the process of ammonolysis. Taurine Synthesis and Biosynthesis Synthetic Most energy drinks, like Red Bull and Monster, contain significant amounts of taurine mixed with other ingredients and therefore should not pass as a taurine supplement. As per the above explanation, these rumors are therefore false. For babies who cannot breastfeed, taurine is present as a supplement in infant formula. Taurine in breast milk is essential since prematurely born babies have low levels of the compound since they lack the necessary enzymes that convert cystathionine to cysteine. People who eat normal balanced diets have enough taurine (9-400mg per day) in their bodies. Animal tissues like the human intestine, breast milk, and eye retina have significant levels of taurine. Sources of TaurineĪlthough initially thought to be exclusively in cow bile, taurine is found in food like meat, seafood, and dairy products. German scientists Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin were the first to extract taurine from ox bile. However, there are several myths and misconception about taurine products. Initially, scientists extracted this compound before the advent of synthetic taurine. Taurine has many functions inside animal bodies like muscle development, cardiovascular functions, and nervous system development, among others. The term 'taurine' has a Latin origin from the word ' taurus' which means bull. It is mainly found in different animal tissues, mostly in bile and large intestines. Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is an organic compound discovered in bull bile in 1827.
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